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An illustration of a very massive star that has huge amounts of matter in space. | Credit: Robert Lea (created with Canva)
Very massive stars that collapse to create black holes can make much more material vomiting than before during their short life.
A team of scientists estimated that this stars have astronomical observations of these stars, which have masses over 100 -folds from the sun, that very massive star winds must have far more powerful than in the past. These winds should be strong enough to blow the outer layers of these monstrous stars into space.
The modeling of the team showed how excellent binary files can lead to mergers between stars, the single, very massive stars forging. They also examined how stronger star winds affect the populations of the black hole and indicate the formation of heavily tangible black holes with medium mass.
“Very massive stars are like the ‘rock stars’ of the universe – they are powerful and they live quickly and die young,” said team member Kendall Shepherd, researcher at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Italy (known under his Italian acronym Sissa), said Space.com. “For these very massive stars, their outstanding wind is more of a hurricane than a light breeze.”
While our average sun lives with an average of around 10 billion years, very massive stars burn their nuclear fuels faster and only live a few million years or even a few hundred thousand years.
Studying such giants is important because, despite their short life, they have profound effects on their surroundings, said Shepherd.
“The strong winds of very massive stars and their later supernova explosions throw newly shaped elements into the environment,” she said. “Many of these elements form the basis for new stars, while others like carbon and oxygen are the building blocks of life.
“They are also the forerunners of black holes, including the binary files of the black hole, the gravitational waves merge and create that we detect on earth.”
The rock star mass loss diet
In new research, Shepherd and her colleagues analyzed theoretical and observing studies of very massive stars.
“Such massive stars are so incredibly rare and there were so few observation restrictions,” said Shepherd. “With the help of space and ground-based telescopes, the researchers recently finally observed several stars in the Tarantula fog of the large Magellan cloud with masses over 100 times the mass of our sun for the first time.”
These earlier studies showed that the most massive stars in the Tarantula fog are a rare hot and bright species of mostly striped wolf jet stars (WNH stars) at the end of their hydrogen burning phase, which means that they show remaining hydrogen on their surface.
“These stars were very hot, around 72,540 to 90,000 degrees Fahrenheit (40,000 to 50,000 degrees Celsius). This is a bit too hot! Standard models predict that with increasing age of the stars, in contrast to the new observations, they should extend and cool down,” said Shepherd. “The researchers put together the two parts and used the observed properties to calibrate a mass loss recipe to combine the theory and observation.”
The team edited this recipe in its Stern -Evolution code, which is known as Parsec (Padova and Triest Stellar Evolution Code) to create a new model that takes into account the massive stars of the Tarantula fog.
“Our new models with stronger star winds are now able to correspond to the observations and theories. The strong winds strip off the outer layers of the star and prevent them from cooling while the surface composition corresponds to a WNH star,” explained Shepherd. “The star remains more compact and hotter and reproduces exactly what observations show.”
The impression of this artist shows the relative sizes of young stars, from the smallest red dwarfs that weigh about 0.1 solar masses, to yellow dwarfs with a low mass such as the sun to massive blue dwarf stars with the weight of eight times more than the sun and the 300-sololar star, the R136A1. | Credit: European southern observatory
The team’s research indicates that there are two different routes that have led to the birth of stars and the most massive star that has ever been seen, R136A1. This star, which can also be found in the Tarantula fog, has up to 230 times the sun mass and spends millions of times more energy than our star. It is only 1.5 million years old compared to the 4.6 billion– –Annual sun.
The team’s model suggests that R136A1 was born as a single, ginorer star or could have formed due to a dramatic star fusion.
“I was surprised that our results provide two different possible explanations for the origin of R136A1, the most massive star.” The difference in the initial mass is even more interesting, which is required for the reproduction of R136A1 from the scenarios of single star and binary star fusions. “
The researcher added that the star for a single star jump corresponds to the characteristics of R136A1, which requires an initial mass over 100 solar masses-larger than required for a binary star fuster jump, regardless of the wind recipe used.
“This could indicate that the upper limit for the upper limit for the massive in the local universe thought,” said Shepherd.
In which direction does the wind blow for black holes?
Strong outstanding winds and the quick mass loss they cause also have a strong impact on the masses of black holes that are created when massive stars collapse under their own gravity at the end of their lives.
“Because the stronger winds remove so much from the star mass, they form smaller black holes at the end of their life,” said Shepherd. “This study can throw a lot of light on the prediction of black hole masses. Stern models that use the standard and weaker recipes of the mass loss can create black holes with interims.”
These black holes, which are around 100 to 10,000 times more massive than the sun, have proven difficult for astronomers.
“If the stars lose more mass due to stronger winds, the simulations produce less of these unsafe objects, which our models more in harmony with what can be found in nature!” Said Shepherd.
An artist illustration of two black holes that circle and collide around each other, 1.4 billion light years away from earth. The merger generated waves in space -time, which was referred to as gravitational waves. Ligo discovered these waves in December 2015 Credit: Ligo
The team also suggests that, in contrast to the present thinking, stronger star winds are necessary if systems for black hole binary files with masses are to develop more than 30 -as high.
“It is even more exciting that our new models with stronger winds than we have viewed the binary black holes that merged our simulations with stronger winds, which the two black holes were both massive,” said Shepherd. “This is exciting because this is a population that has been observed in gravitational shaft detectors, but to produce the earlier models with standard winds.”
The two black holes in these binary files output tiny waves in the room, which are referred to as gravitational waves, while they hike together and finally merge. But strong outstanding winds may be the key to developing this situation.
“With the weaker standard winds, the two stars are expanding and merging before they become black holes,” said Shepherd. “In contrast, the stronger winds can push the two stars apart so that they can survive as a few black holes that can work and merge later.”
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The new research focused on a certain environment in the large Magellan cloud, which has its own chemical composition. So, said Shepherd, the next step for the team will be to explain a handful of special stars.
“These results are not yet universal, and therefore the natural next step would be to expand this study to a number of different initial compositions in order to model various environments throughout the universe,” concluded Shepherd. “It would be very exciting to see how much the predicted populations of the black hole would change with these different initial compositions.”
The team’s research is available as a form in the arxiv research repository.
